Fundamentals of the Cosmology of the Universe & Bottom Line Fundamentals: Innovative and Original Perspectives Dr. KRS Murthy

Fundamentals of the Cosmology of the Universe

& Bottom Line Fundamentals: Innovative

and Original Perspectives

Dr. KRS Murthy

https://murthy2022.blogspot.com/2022/04/life-time-accomplishments-of-dr-krs.html

Dr. KRS Murthy

Let us define the term “Fundamentals”, and further, define the different depths of the very term “Fundamentals”; for the convenience of our discussions below and add additional clarity to my postulates and more importantly, help in the discussions and distinguish my brainstorming below from other scholars and thinkers in different disciplines. 

Examples of the different depths I am elaborating here could be expressed in the following list and categories:

1. Bigger and Bolder Fonts

2. When spoken, put sound or phonological stresses

3. Different fonts

4. Different font colors 

Discussion on the concepts of energy and mass

Everything in the universe from the smallest to the largest, that has been observed by us humans through our five senses and understood by our mind has mass and energy. 

Mass and energy could not be understood at the utmost possible level of depth and detail independent of each other as expressed by the famous equation E = MC-Square, where it is imperative for us to realize the C as the speed of light in the vacuum. The reason vacuum is the medium in which the speed of light is defined is because the light is quickly absorbed by matter in general, the absorption mode being a transfer of the energy of light to the electron in the orbit of attoms of the matter. The energy acquired by the electron results in the electron jumping up into a higher orbit, called the quantum jump, as the energy transfer is in quantum of energy packets.

As the universe has been expanding since the big bang, per the big bang theory, the expansion rate is at a rate numerous times the speed of light and also after the big bang, and through different stages of the expansion of the universe, in the vacuum, and still expanding with the galaxy clusters moving away from each other. As we all know, the energy causing the continual expansion is called “Dark Energy”. The adjective word qualifier “dark” to the word and concept of energy only refers to and means the lack of understanding of the cause for the universal expansion. We as scientists don’t know the dark universal expansion energy. 

It is important to define the reference point from which the universal expansion, for without a reference point in the physical world of the universe we live in, and also with our knowledge as humans and our brains that think is the intellectual and cognitive reference platform and our very ability as humans in the evolution of the different forms. We are also limited by the limitations of our brain apparatus to observe, understand, comprehend, and also postulate. It is also the collective, collaborative, and cooperative thinking, partnered with the sensing, measuring, locally and remotely, with the ever-increasing and improving, plus the paradigm jumps in our technology, most importantly our ever-improving brains, compounded with the AI, M, and quantum computing, that we as humans continue to understand the universe we live in. 

The dark energy of expansion also results in us as observers noticing that the galaxy clusters are moving away from each other, and most importantly observing through different space crafts, the most important being the Hubble Space Telescope, with us on earth as the observer's reference point. Because of the redshift, the different galaxies and galaxy clusters seem to accelerate as they are moving away from us. The farthest galaxy clusters, as seen from the earth and the Hubble space telescope would reach and even move away faster than the speed of light. As a result of the expansion of the space at a rate faster than that of the speed of light, we as observers are presented with a horizon wall in the universe beyond which the light does not even reach us giving us an illusion of the horizon of the observable universe. It is even more important and profound to realize that not just as humans at one point in the universe, but from all points of the universe, the horizon walls of the observable universe are different. An observer at the edge or close to the edge of “our horizon of the observable universe” will see a different horizon.  It only means that there is no horizon to the universe but the universe is endless. Light as the energy medium of observation is presenting us with this illusion of the horizon of the universe. 

As has been happening from the singular point of the big bang, the universe has been expanding and accelerating the expansion rate from the singularity whole suite of physical phenomena. If we define and at least theoretically analyze, or even conceptually analyze the expansion rate, the acceleration rate as a percentage of the time from Time Zero of the singularity point, it is “Infinity”, any number divided by zero. Please refer to my article on the subject of “infinity”, only as a concept, NOT AT ALL as part of the number system, any measurement system, or even as a quantity. Let us consider the point in time after the big bang Max Planck’s time limit of 10 to the power of minus 43 seconds, and the corresponding space limit of the Maz Planck’s space limit of 10 to the power of minus 35 meters. As a percentage increase, the expansion of the universe which started extremely and even unimaginably highly is probably only reducing. 

In an alternate approach to the concepts I presented above, there could be different epochs of universal expansion, a combination, and a series of increasing, hyphenated with decreasing expansions. 

One more way of understanding and interpreting the expansion of the universe is the starting point of the singularity of the big bang. This is in the opposite direction of both time and space which is the decreasing direction of both space and time. This leads us to Max Planck’s space and time limits.

The implications of the famous Albert Einstein’s E=MC-Squared 

Dark energy should have its mass equivalent resulting from the Einsteins equation.

Dark Energy divided by the square of the speed of light should give us the Matter Equivivalent of the Dark Energy. 

Similarly, the Energy Equivalent of Dark Matter is Dark Matter multiplied by the Square of the Speed of Light. 

I am only presenting the implication of Einstein's equations, and not implying or arguing that we could measure or calculate either the dark matter or dark energy.

Even Max Planck’s limits are based on and assume that the speed limit of light is the ultimate speed limit. 

Some of you may know of the Late George Sudarshan’s Tachyon concept that Tachyons would be faster than the speed of light. The Tachyon according to George Sudarshan would have the minimum speed of light but is always in a realm above the speed of light and could never be crossing over the speed limit of light to reach the speed of light.

By the by, I knew Late George Sudarshan, his first wife and the father-in-law Nittoor Srinivasa Rao, who retired as the High Court Judge of Karnataka. 

All matter, including the fundamental elements in the Standard Model of Physics, down to the electrons, the protons, neutrons, the different bosons, the different fermions, the different gluons, the different quarks, photons, neutrinos, the antimatter equivalents, the muons and tau variation of the elemental particles would all have the energy equivalents that could be calculated using the Einstein’s equations, and also down to matter not known to us yet or may be discovered in the future. 

Feel free to contact me for various original contributions to Physics, especially the fundamentals and my foundational, seminal, and axiomatic contributions in over 45 different disciplines. 

Dr. KRS Murthy

http://krsmurthyprofile.blogspot.com/

Dr KRS Murthy about.me/drkrsmurthy

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