Dr. KRS Murthy's Theory on QCD and Beyond

 Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD)

Dr. KRS Murthy Theory on QCD

There are two theories for the structure of the nucleons: Protons and Neutrons. They are Quantum Field Theory (QFD) and Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD). We will discuss the QCD here in my paper, along with my theory and postulations of the QCD.

I will discuss in another paper my theory and postulations on the QFD.

In the current and prevailing QCD theory, which is mostly a postulation, structure and dynamics of the nucleons, namely the protons and neutrons, is postulated.

Even though the protons and the neutrons were considered as fundamental particles, it was found that the two particles had internal structures made up of constituent particles which were named as quarks, the quarks held together by gluons, not allowing the freedom of the different quarks to separate out or fly out from the confines of the proton and the neutrons. The quarks continuously giggle, but are held to giggle within the confines of the protons and the neutrons. Thus the quarks became the real fundamental particles, the definition of a fundamental particle meaning they are not made up of any smaller particles, The quarks agitate violently, at relativistic rate of motion. The term and definition of relativistic speed of motion means the move very close to the speed of light. However, the quarks are held by the gluons not letting them to fly away from the confines of the individual nucleons, namely the proton and the neutron. The relativistic speed of motion implies that they have extremely high energy. The high energy, especially agitating at the speed of light, directly means that the equivalent mass owing to the famous equation propounded by the legendary scientist Late Albert Einstein which states:

E = MC-square, C the speed of light being the highest in our universe, nothing exceeding this speed of light.

Even with such high energy of agitation, the quarks are held by the gluons, to restrict the quarks with the size and boundary of the respective nucleons which are of the order of 10 to the power of minus 18. For the smallest and the simplest Hydrogen atom, which is made up of one proton in the nucleus and a single electron orbiting around the single proton nucleus.

Mass of the Nucleons like the protons and the neutrons can be measured in terms of the mass of the electrons. The proton mass is 1836 times that of an electron, whereas the neutron has one electron mass higher than the proton, which is 1837 times that of an electron. However, the charge of the extremely tiny electron is negative, proton being positive, neutron being neutral with no charge.

The charge density is a term I invented by me (Dr. KRS Murthy) to compare the ratio of the charge of proton per unit mass or charge divided by the mass. The charge density of the electron is 1836 times that of the proton. A Proton + an electron creates a neutron, as the positive charge of the proton and the negative charge of the electron cancel each other to render the neutron to have a zero charge,

In neutron decay, the neutron decays and gives rise to a proton and an electron. Neutron Decay is an important phenomenon and was the prevalent process after the Big Bang. Neutrons came out of the Big Bang, decayed to give rise to the pair of the protons and electrons, which further resulted in the simplest and the smallest atom in the universe, the Hydrogen. Atoms of hydrogen pervaded the universe. Expanding of the newly born hydrogen ensued and after various steps of activities ensued further including the hydrogen atoms, the first atoms born out of the big bang and the only atoms in due course, by underwent the convalesce processes, and repeated in large spaces, finally enabling the stellar creation processes and formation of different stars, which stars became the extreme fusion furnaces to forge and fuse bigger atoms like helium, lithium etc. over billions of light years bigger atoms of the suite of table elements were forged and created.

Quarks are fundamental particles in the current Standard Model of particle physics. Understanding their dimensions and size is a complex topic, but here's a succinct guide based on the insights from Redditors:

Fundamental Nature of Quarks

• Point Particles: Quarks are considered point particles, meaning they have no measurable size or volume. "Fundamental particles show no indication of having any size whatsoever, experimentally."

• The experimental approach to measurements, also called metrology, the science and technology of measurements is constrained by the probe that is used in the technique and procedure of measurement and calibration. The term probe refers, for example, light used for measurement, and is limited by the smallest wavelength of light, is in nano meters range, or 10 to the power of Minus 9. 

• Electrons are used in the field of metrology technique called Electron Micrography, whereas the technique using light is called Optical Micrography. At this time, the field of metrology is limited to electron micrography, electron being the smallest particle known by the scientific community.

• No Internal Structure: All investigations suggest that quarks have no internal structure. "All investigation of quarks indicates that they have no internal structure, being point particles of zero size."

Size and Dimensions

• Zero Size: Quarks are thought to have zero size, similar to other fundamental particles like electrons. "Quarks are point particles."

• Practical Considerations: While quarks are considered dimensionless, there are practical limits to our ability to measure them. The Planck length (approximately 1.6 x 10^-35 meters) is often cited as a fundamental limit. "Below the Planck length it's posited that space-time is textured in more than 3 dimensions."

• Planck Time is the time for light to cross on Planck length. Planck Time is in the range of 10^-43 Sec.

Quark Interactions and Confinement

• Confinement: Quarks cannot exist in isolation. They are always found within composite particles like protons and neutrons due to a force called color confinement. "You can't even really get a quark on its own."

• Quark Sea: Inside protons and neutrons, quarks are part of a dynamic system known as the quark sea, where quarks and gluons are constantly produced and annihilated. "The inside of a proton is just a sea of gluons that constantly produce and annihilate quarks."

Comparisons and Scale

• Human vs. Quark Size: An average human is significantly closer in size to a quark than to the known universe. "You're only about a person bigger than a quark, but you're a whole universe smaller than the universe."

• Proton Size: While quarks are dimensionless, the size of a proton, which is made up of quarks, is about 10^-15 meters. "Protons and neutrons are about 800 attometers."

The Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD)

The Quantum Chromo Dynamics uses the concepts of “chrominance” or the concept of colors Red, Green, and Blue, (RGB), which are considered the basic colors in the visible optical spectrum from which other humanly visible colors in VIBGYOR could be concocted for the humans to perceive the different wavelengths of the optical spectrum. Applying these general principles, the continuously and perpetually agitating three quarks R, G, and B change between R, G and B chrominance versions at extremely high rate, while the gluons not only hold the three quarks bound to the nucleons protons and neutrons. 

The protons are maintained to have a positive charge by the agitating quarks, similarly the three quarks of neutrons are maintained to have a neutral charge. The charge of the quarks is called the color charge. It is very important to note and understand very unequivocally that the term “color” has absolutely NO connection to the colors of the white light..Instead, it is important to keep in mind the “Charge” as the Electric Charge of “Plus ONE of the proton and the Zero charge of the neutron.

The Internal Dynamics of the Color Charge of the three different quarks which have their own charge for the quarks go through changes. When an electron with a negative charge impinges on the proton which has a positive charge, the result is a change in the “Color Charge” combination. 

The quarks in protons and neutrons are also called Up Quark and Down Quark, which have different electric charges from each other. The Up Quark has Plus Two Thirds of Positive Charge, whereas the Down Quark has Minus One Thirds Charge.

Proton = Two Up Quarks = ⅔ + ⅔ and One Down Quark = - ⅓ 

Two Up Quarks = ⅔ + ⅔ and One Down Quark = - ⅓

4/3 - 1/3

= 1 Positive Charge

Neutron = Two Down Quarks + One Up Quark

Minus ⅓ + Minus ⅓ Plus ⅔ = ZERO. Charge

Dr. KRS Murthy’s Proposal for Proton, Neutron, and Electron 

PLUS Interactions and Transformations

Electron = Three Electronets, each with one-third negative charge

Electron Charge Density = Minus One 1 = -⅓ -⅓ - ⅓ 

Proton = Three Protonnets = Three One-Third Positive Charges for each proton

Proton Charge Density one divided by 1836

Neutron = Three Neutronnets = Three Zero Charges

Neutron Charge Density = ZERO

Quark = N Quarkets

Quarkets and Electronnets are made up of smaller particles which have their mass and charge as properties.

The smallest particles in nature are made up of Planckets and Murthyets.some of which have their own charge and mass properties. The smallest particles also include photons and neutrinos which don't have charge or mass.

Photons speed and velocity are the highest, in nature, the speed terms defined in vacuum with no decay for the photons in the vacuum. However, photons as particles and light as electromagnetic waves suffer loss in all other mediums other than the vacuum. In solids, liquids, and gasses, as well as plasma and Bose Einstein condensate, 

The neutrinos have no charge and so don't interact with any form of matter including solids, liquids, gasses, plasma, and even Bose-Einstein condensate, thus pass through unaffected, unimpeded, and undetected. Existence of neutrinos was detected when the mathematical equations representing physical phenomena during nuclear fission processes, when the equations could not be balanced, thus a new term had to be inserted to balance the equations. The missing part was termed as “neutrinos” defined to have zero or very close to zero and no charge. The neutrinos have not been detected or not closely or unequivocally discovered, even after many experiments costing hundreds of millions to billions of dollars or its equivalent have been spent, by neutrino scientists and centers of research, and collaborating scientists in many leading countries of the world.

With no mass or charge, the neutrinos have gone undetected after few decades of neutrino detection experiments were set up, especially inside some of the deepest mines, where the experimenters presumed only neutrinos could only penetrate, with no other cosmic particles could survive and reach the depths.

It is ironical that the neutrino scientists have even concocted three versions of neutrinos termed as normal Neutrinos, Mue Neutrinos, and Tau Neutrinos, which vary in spin oscillations, the neutrinos oscillating between the three spin states, only arbitrary or no known reasons. Billions to trillions of neutrinos pass through us humans, through our earth, all planets, and all objects in the cosmos. Neutrinos are hypothesized to be created in nuclear fission and fusion processes, in very large numbers. Our sun as our local star is also hypothesized to produce numerous neutrinos at its core fusion processes. Once produced, with nothing to impede or absorb these neutrinos, they effortlessly escape to the surface, and reach our earth, but further pass through to travel through space.